PETRAS Publications

@article{art-junejo_lora_2022,

title = {LoRa-LiSK: A Lightweight Shared Secret Key Generation Scheme for LoRa Networks},

author = {Aisha Kanwal Junejo and Fatma Benkhelifa and Boon Wong and Julie A. Mccann},

doi = {10.1109/jiot.2021.3103009},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-03-15},

volume = {9},

number = {6},

pages = {4110--4124},

publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)},

abstract = {Physical-layer security (PLS) schemes use the randomness of the channel parameters, namely, channel state information (CSI) and received signal strength indicator (RSSI) to generate the secret keys. There has been limited work in PLS schemes in long-range (LoRa) wide-area networks (LoRaWANs) which hinder their widespread application. Limitations observed in existing studies include the requirement of high correlation between channel parameter measurements for secret key generation in the proposed schemes and the evaluation of the schemes has only been done in either fully indoor or outdoor environments. The real-world wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and LoRa use cases might not meet both requirements thus making the current PLS schemes inappropriate for these systems. By considering the limitations found in existing PLS schemes, this article proposes LoRA-LiSK, a practical and efficient shared secret key generation scheme for LoRa networks. Our proposed LoRa-LiSK scheme consists of several preprocessing techniques (timestamp matching, two sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, and a Savitzky-Golay filter), multilevel quantization, information reconciliation using Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes, and finally, privacy amplification using secure hash algorithm SHA-2. The LoRa-LiSK scheme is extensively evaluated on real WSN/IoT devices in practical application scenarios: 1) indoor to outdoor and 2) LoRa static and mobile outdoor links. It outperforms existing schemes by generating keys with channel parameter measurements of low correlation values (0.2-0.6), while still essentially achieving high key generation rates, and low key disagreement rates (10%-20%). The scheme updates a key in approximately 1 h using an application profile with high transmission rate compared to 3 h reported by existing works while still respecting the duty cycle regulation. It also incurs less communication overhead compared to the existing works.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{art-kollnig_are_2022,

title = {Are iPhones Really Better for Privacy? A Comparative Study of iOS and Android Apps},

author = {Konrad Kollnig and Anastasia Shuba and Reuben Daniel Binns and Max Goodwin Van Kleek and Nigel R. Shadbolt},

doi = {10.2478/popets-2022-0033},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-03-03},

volume = {2022},

number = {2},

pages = {6--24},

publisher = {Walter de Gruyter GmbH},

abstract = {While many studies have looked at privacyproperties of the Android and Google Play app ecosys-tem, comparatively much less is known about iOS andthe Apple App Store, the most widely used ecosystem inthe US. At the same time, there is increasing competi-tion around privacy between these smartphone operat-ing system providers. In this paper, we present a studyof 24k Android and iOS apps from 2020 along severaldimensions relating to user privacy. We find that third-party tracking and the sharing of unique user identifierswas widespread in apps from both ecosystems, even inapps aimed at children. In the children's category, iOSapps tended to use fewer advertising-related trackingthan their Android counterparts, but could more of-ten access children's location. Across all studied apps,our study highlights widespread potential violations ofUS, EU and UK privacy law, including 1) the use ofthird-party tracking without user consent, 2) the lackof parental consent before sharing personally identifi-able information (PII) with third-parties in children's apps, 3) the non-data-minimising configuration of track-ing libraries, 4) the sending of personal data to countrieswithout an adequate level of data protection, and 5)the continued absence of transparency around tracking,partly due to design decisions by Apple and Google.Overall, we find that neither platform is clearly bet-ter than the other for privacy across the dimensions westudied.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{art-bueff_explainability_2022,

title = {Explainability in Machine Learning: a Pedagogical Perspective},

author = {Andreas Bueff and Ioannis Papantonis and Auste Simkute and Vaishak Belle},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-02-21},

abstract = {Given the importance of integrating of explainability into machine learning, at present, there are a lack of pedagogical resources exploring this. Specifically, we have found a need for resources in explaining how one can teach the advantages of explainability in machine learning. Often pedagogical approaches in the field of machine learning focus on getting students prepared to apply various models in the real world setting, but much less attention is given to teaching students the various techniques one could employ to explain a model's decision-making process. Furthermore, explainability can benefit from a narrative structure that aids one in understanding which techniques are governed by which questions about the data. We provide a pedagogical perspective on how to structure the learning process to better impart knowledge to students and researchers in machine learning, when and how to implement various explainability techniques as well as how to interpret the results. We discuss a system of teaching explainability in machine learning, by exploring the advantages and disadvantages of various opaque and transparent machine learning models, as well as when to utilize specific explainability techniques and the various frameworks used to structure the tools for explainability. Among discussing concrete assignments, we will also discuss ways to structure potential assignments to best help students learn to use explainability as a tool alongside any given machine learning application. Data science professionals completing the course will have a birds-eye view of a rapidly developing area and will be confident to deploy machine learning more widely. A preliminary analysis on the effectiveness of a recently delivered course following the structure presented here is included as evidence supporting our pedagogical approach.},

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pubstate = {published},

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}

@article{art-padmasiri_automated_2022,

title = {Automated License Plate Recognition for Resource-Constrained Environments},

author = {Heshan Padmasiri and Jithmi Shashirangana and Dulani Meedeniya and Omer Rana and Charith Perera},

doi = {10.3390/s22041434},

issn = {1424-8220},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-02-11},

volume = {22},

number = {4},

pages = {1434},

publisher = {MDPI AG},

abstract = {The incorporation of deep-learning techniques in embedded systems has enhanced the capabilities of edge computing to a great extent. However, most of these solutions rely on high-end hardware and often require a high processing capacity, which cannot be achieved with resource-constrained edge computing. This study presents a novel approach and a proof of concept for a hardware-efficient automated license plate recognition system for a constrained environment with limited resources. The proposed solution is purely implemented for low-resource edge devices and performed well for extreme illumination changes such as day and nighttime. The generalisability of the proposed models has been achieved using a novel set of neural networks for different hardware configurations based on the computational capabilities and low cost. The accuracy, energy efficiency, communication, and computational latency of the proposed models are validated using different license plate datasets in the daytime and nighttime and in real time. Meanwhile, the results obtained from the proposed study have shown competitive performance to the state-of-the-art server-grade hardware solutions as well.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{art-adoga_network_2022,

title = {Network Function Virtualization and Service Function Chaining Frameworks: A Comprehensive Review of Requirements, Objectives, Implementations, and Open Research Challenges},

author = {Haruna Umar Adoga and Dimitrios P. Pezaros},

doi = {10.3390/fi14020059},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-02-03},

volume = {14},

number = {2},

pages = {59},

publisher = {MDPI AG},

abstract = {Network slicing has become a fundamental property for next-generation networks, especially because an inherent part of 5G standardisation is the ability for service providers to migrate some or all of their network services to a virtual network infrastructure, thereby reducing both capital and operational costs. With network function virtualisation (NFV), network functions (NFs) such as firewalls, traffic load balancers, content filters, and intrusion detection systems (IDS) are either instantiated on virtual machines (VMs) or lightweight containers, often chained together to create a service function chain (SFC). In this work, we review the state-of-the-art NFV and SFC implementation frameworks and present a taxonomy of the current proposals. Our taxonomy comprises three major categories based on the primary objectives of each of the surveyed frameworks: (1) resource allocation and service orchestration, (2) performance tuning, and (3) resilience and fault recovery. We also identify some key open research challenges that require further exploration by the research community to achieve scalable, resilient, and high-performance NFV/SFC deployments in next-generation networks.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{art-kollnig_after_2021,

title = {Before and after GDPR: tracking in mobile apps},

author = {Konrad Kollnig and Reuben Daniel Binns and Max Goodwin Van Kleek and Ulrik Lyngs and Jun Zhao and Claudine Tinsman and Nigel R. Shadbolt},

doi = {10.14763/2021.4.1611},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-12-21},

volume = {10},

number = {4},

publisher = {Internet Policy Review, Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society},

abstract = {Third-party tracking, the collection and sharing of behavioural data about individuals, is a significant and ubiquitous privacy threat in mobile apps. The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) was introduced in 2018 to protect personal data better, but there exists, thus far, limited empirical evidence about its efficacy. This paper studies tracking in nearly two million Android apps from before and after the introduction of the GDPR. Our analysis suggests that there has been limited change in the presence of third-party tracking in apps, and that the concentration of tracking capabilities among a few large gatekeeper companies persists. However, change might be imminent.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{art-archibald_tale_2021,

title = {A tale of two graph models: a case study in wireless sensor networks},

author = {Blair Archibald and G\'{e}za Kulcs\'{a}r and Michele Sevegnani},

doi = {10.1007/s00165-021-00558-z},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-12-01},

volume = {33},

number = {6},

pages = {1249--1277},

publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)},

abstract = {Designing and reasoning about complex systems such as wireless sensor networks is hard due to highly dynamic environments: sensors are heterogeneous, battery-powered, and mobile. While formal modelling can provide rigorous mechanisms for design/reasoning, they are often viewed as difficult to use. Graph rewrite-based modelling techniques increase usability by providing an intuitive, flexible, and diagrammatic form of modelling in which graph-like structures express relationships between entities while rewriting mechanisms allow model evolution. Two major graph-based formalisms are Graph Transformation Systems (GTS) and Bigraphical Reactive Systems (BRS). While both use similar underlying structures, how they are employed in modelling is quite different. To gain a deeper understanding of GTS and BRS, and to guide future modelling, theory, and tool development, in this experience report we compare the practical modelling abilities and style of GTS and BRS when applied to topology control in WSNs. To show the value of the models, we describe how analysis may be performed in both formalisms. A comparison of the approaches shows that although the two formalisms are different, from both a theoretical and practical modelling standpoint, they are each successful in modelling topology control in WSNs. We found that GTS, while featuring a small set of entities and transformation rules, relied on entity attributes, rule application based on attribute/variable side-conditions, and imperative control flow units. BRS on the other hand, required a larger number of entities in order to both encode attributes directly in the model (via nesting) and provide tagging functionality that, when coupled with rule priorities, implements control flow. There remains promising research mapping techniques between the formalisms to further enable flexible and expressive modelling.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

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}

@article{art-bhatia_ironwan_2021,

title = {IRONWAN: Increasing Reliability of Overlapping Networks in LoRaWAN},

author = {Laksh Bhatia and Po-Yu Chen and Michael Breza and Cong Zhao and Julie A. McCann},

doi = {10.1109/jiot.2021.3125842},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-11-13},

pages = {1--1},

publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)},

abstract = {LoRaWAN deployments follow an ad-hoc deployment model that has organically led to overlapping communication networks, sharing the wireless spectrum, and completely unaware of each other. LoRaWAN uses ALOHA-style communication where it is almost impossible to schedule transmission between networks belonging to different owners properly. The inability to schedule overlapping networks will cause inter-network interference, which will increase node-to-gateway message losses and gateway-to-node acknowledgement failures. This problem is likely to get worse as the number of LoRaWAN networks increase. In response to this problem, we propose IRONWAN, a wireless overlay network that shares communication resources without modifications to underlying protocols. It utilises the broadcast nature of radio communication and enables gateway-to-gateway communication to facilitate the search for failed messages and transmit failed acknowledgements already received and cached in overlapping network's gateways. IRONWAN uses two novel algorithms, a Real-time Message Inter-arrival Predictor, to highlight when a server has not received an expected uplink message. The Interference Predictor ensures that extra gateway-to-gateway communication does not negatively impact communication bandwidth. We evaluate IRONWAN on a 1000-node simulator with up to ten gateways and a 10-node testbed with 2-gateways. Results show that IRONWAN can achieve up to 12% higher packet delivery ratio (PDR) and total messages received per node while increasing the minimum PDR by up to 28%. These improvements save up to 50% node's energy. Finally, we demonstrate that IRONWAN has comparable performance to an optimal solution (wired, centralised) but with 2-32 times lower communication costs. IRONWAN also has up to 14% better PDR when compared to FLIP, a wired-distributed gateway-to-gateway protocol in certain scenarios.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{art-archibald_observable_2021,

title = {Observable and Attention-Directing BDI Agents for Human-Autonomy Teaming},

author = {Blair Archibald and Muffy Calder and Michele Sevegnani and Mengwei Xu},

doi = {10.4204/eptcs.348.12},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-10-25},

volume = {348},

pages = {167--175},

publisher = {Open Publishing Association},

abstract = {Human-autonomy teaming (HAT) scenarios feature humans and autonomous agents collaborating to meet a shared goal. For effective collaboration, the agents must be transparent and able to share important information about their operation with human teammates. We address the challenge of transparency for Belief-Desire-Intention agents defined in the Conceptual Agent Notation (CAN) language. We extend the semantics to model agents that are observable (i.e. the internal state of tasks is available), and attention-directing (i.e. specific states can be flagged to users), and provide an executable semantics via an encoding in Milner's bigraphs. Using an example of unmanned aerial vehicles, the BigraphER tool, and PRISM, we show and verify how the extensions work in practice.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{art-al-nakib_can_2021,

title = {Can Digital Money Replace Cash? Central Banks Are Charging Ahead},

author = {Hazem Danny Al-Nakib and Geoffrey Goodell},

url = {https://www.barrons.com/articles/can-digital-money-replace-cash-central-banks-are-charging-ahead-51634242362},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-10-15},

abstract = {As governments around the world redesign the financial sector with new infrastructure and digital money, it is time to reconsider what matters. Moves by central banks to issue new digital currencies need to be scrutinized for how they affect people's rights, such as privacy, choice, and access to the economy.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{art-radanliev_methodology_2021,

title = {Methodology for Integrating Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare Systems: Learning from COVID-19 to Prepare for Disease X},

author = {Petar Radanliev and David De Roure and Carsten Maple and Uchenna Ani},

doi = {10.1007/s43681-021-00111-x},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-10-06},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {Artificial intelligence and edge devices have been used at an increased rate in managing the COVID-19 pandemic. In this article we review the lessons learned from COVID-19 to postulate possible solutions for a Disease X event. The overall purpose of the study and the research problems investigated is the integration of artificial intelligence function in digital healthcare systems. The basic design of the study includes a systematic state-of-the-art review, followed by an evaluation of different approaches to managing global pandemics. The study design then engages with constructing a new methodology for integrating algorithms in healthcare systems, followed by analysis of the new methodology and a discussion. Action research is applied to review existing state of the art, and a qualitative case study method is used to analyse the knowledge acquired from the COVID-19 pandemic. Major trends found as a result of the study derive from the synthesis of COVID-19 knowledge, presenting new insights in the form of a conceptual methodology\textemdashthat includes six phases for managing a future Disease X event, resulting with a summary map of various problems, solutions and expected results from integrating functional AI in healthcare systems.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{art-simkute_explainability_2021,

title = {Explainability for experts: A design framework for making algorithms supporting expert decisions more explainable},

author = {Auste Simkute and Ewa A. Luger and Bronwyn Jones and Michael Evans and Rhianne Jones},

doi = {10.1016/j.jrt.2021.100017},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-10-01},

volume = {7-8},

pages = {100017},

publisher = {Elsevier BV},

abstract = {Algorithmic decision support systems are widely applied in domains ranging from healthcare to journalism. To ensure that these systems are fair and accountable, it is essential that humans can maintain meaningful agency, understand and oversee algorithmic processes. Explainability is often seen as a promising mechanism for enabling human-in-the-loop, however, current approaches are ineffective and can lead to various biases. We argue that explainability should be tailored to support naturalistic decision-making and sensemaking strategies employed by domain experts and novices. Based on cognitive psychology and human factors literature review we map potential decision-making strategies dependant on expertise, risk and time dynamics and propose the conceptual Expertise, Risk and Time Explainability framework, intended to be used as explainability design guidelines. Finally, we present a worked example in journalism to illustrate the applicability of our framework in practice.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{art-radanliev_alternative_2021,

title = {Alternative Mental Health Therapies in Prolonged Lockdowns: Narratives from Covid-19},

author = {Petar Radanliev and David Charles De Roure},

doi = {10.1007/s12553-021-00581-3},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-08-07},

volume = {11},

abstract = {Identify and review alternative (home-based) therapies for prolonged lockdowns. Interdisciplinary study using multi-method approach - case study, action research, grounded theory. Only secondary data has been used in this study. Epistemological framework based on a set of digital humanities tools. The set of tools are based on publicly available, open access technological solutions, enabling generalisability of the findings. Alternative therapies can be integrated in healthcare systems as home-based solutions operating on low-cost technologies.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{art-radanliev_review_2021,

title = {Review of Algorithms for Artificial Intelligence on Low Memory Devices},

author = {Petar Radanliev and David Charles De Roure},

doi = {10.1109/access.2021.3101579},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-08-02},

volume = {9},

pages = {109986--109993},

publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)},

abstract = {The aim of the article is to conceptualise a more compact and efficient version of algorithms for artificial intelligence (AI). The core objective is to construct the design for a self-optimising and self-adapting autonomous artificial intelligence (AutoAI) that can be applied for edge analytics using real-time data. The methodology is based on synthesising existing knowledge on AI (i.e., knowledge modelling, symbolic reasoning, modal logic), with novel concepts from neuromorphic engineering in combination with deep learning algorithms (i.e., reinforcement learning, neural networks, evolutionary algorithms) and data science (i.e., statistics, linear regression, Bayesian methods). Far-reaching implications are expected from the unique integration of approaches in neuromorphic engineering and edge analytics.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{art-radanliev_epistemological_2021a,

title = {Epistemological and Bibliometric Analysis of Ethics and Shared Responsibility-Health Policy and IoT Systems},

author = {Petar Radanliev and David Charles De Roure},

doi = {10.3390/su13158355},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-07-26},

volume = {13},

number = {15},

abstract = {The focus in this paper is placed on shared responsibility and ethics in health policy, specific to Internet of Things (IoT) devices in healthcare systems. The article assesses how the introduction of IoT brings risks to the security of medical systems. The justification for this research emerges from the opportunities emerging from digital technologies for medical services, but also creating a range of new cyber risks in the shared healthcare infrastructure. Such concerns are often not visible to individual departments in an integrated healthcare system. In addition, many healthcare organisations do not possess cyber skills and are faced with barriers to the adoption of smart manufacturing technologies, e.g., cost. These barriers trigger ethical concerns related to responsibility of cyber risks in shared healthcare systems.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{art-piazza_do_2021,

title = {Do you influence me? Evidence from a case study of network ties among university students in Pisa.},

author = {A. Piazza and Srinidhi Vasudevan},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-07-12},

abstract = {Social influence occurs when the behavior of an individual is affected by an outside force, such as other individuals. While there is growing literature on influence flows in primary and secondary school, little is known about how influence process occurs in the university. We propose taking advantage on a representative sample of advice-seeking networks at university level to assess social patterns of how individual and socio-economic characteristics influence students. We formulate and test our approach using data on cohort of students enrolled at the same master's course at an Italian University and analyse the network of interactions as potential influence conduits for their academic outcomes. By using the network autocorrelation model, we find that network interactions are a significant indicator for the outcomes. We also explore the effect of the built environment on encouraging social interactions among students and consequently their outcomes. Our results provide empirical evidence on the ongoing influence operating through a system of advice relations that explains academic outcomes in educational fields.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{art-lakoju_unsupervised_2021,

title = {Unsupervised Learning for Product Use Activity Recognition: An Exploratory Study of a ``Chatty Device''},

author = {Mike Lakoju and Nemitari Ajienka and M. Ahmadieh Khanesar and Peter Burnap and David T. Branson},

doi = {10.3390/s21154991},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-07-09},

volume = {21},

number = {15},

pages = {4991},

publisher = {MDPI AG},

abstract = {To create products that are better fit for purpose, manufacturers require new methods for gaining insights into product experience in the wild at scale. "Chatty Factories" is a concept that explores the transformative potential of placing IoT-enabled data-driven systems at the core of design and manufacturing processes, aligned to the Industry 4.0 paradigm. In this paper, we propose a model that enables new forms of agile engineering product development via "chatty" products. Products relay their "experiences" from the consumer world back to designers and product engineers through the mediation provided by embedded sensors, IoT, and data-driven design tools. Our model aims to identify product "experiences" to support the insights into product use. To this end, we create an experiment to: (i) collect sensor data at 100 Hz sampling rate from a "Chatty device" (device with sensors) for six common everyday activities that drive produce experience: standing, walking, sitting, dropping and picking up of the device, placing the device stationary on a side table, and a vibrating surface; (ii) pre-process and manually label the product use activity data; (iii) compare a total of four Unsupervised Machine Learning models (three classic and the fuzzy C-means algorithm) for product use activity recognition for each unique sensor; and (iv) present and discuss our findings. The empirical results demonstrate the feasibility of applying unsupervised machine learning algorithms for clustering product use activity. The highest obtained F-measure is 0.87, and MCC of 0.84, when the Fuzzy C-means algorithm is applied for clustering, outperforming the other three algorithms applied.},

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tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{art-akmal_more_2021,

title = {More-than-Human Game Design: Playing in the Internet of Things},

author = {Haider Ali Akmal and Paul Coulton},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-06-28},

volume = {4},

number = {1},

abstract = {The design of objects requiring human interaction often revolves around methods such as Human Centred Design (HCD). Whilst this is beneficial in many cases, contemporary developments of technology such as the Internet of Things (IoT), which produce assemblages of interactions, lead to the view that human centred approaches can prove problematic leading to the proposal of adopting more-than-human perspectives. This study discusses the creation of a novel board game designed to explore a more-than-human design view for IoT products and services by addressing problematic issues in relation to user data privacy and security within the IoT which arguably arise from the application of traditional HCD approaches. By embracing Object-Oriented Philosophy, The Internet of Things Board Game creates an ontographic mapping of IoT assemblages and illuminates the tiny ontologies of unique interactions occurring within these digital and physical networked spaces. Here the gameplay acts as metaphorism illustrating independent and interdependent relationships between the various 'things' in the network. The study illustrates how critical game design can help develop potential new design approaches as well as enabling users to better understand the complex digital/physical assemblages they create when utilising IoT products and services in their everyday lives.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{art-pilling_design_2021,

title = {Design (Non) Fiction: Deconstructing/Reconstructing the Definitional Dualism of AI},

author = {Franziska Louise Pilling and Joseph Galen Lindley and Haider Ali Akmal and Paul Coulton},

doi = {10.24140/ijfma.v6.n1.01},

issn = {2183-9271},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-06-09},

volume = {6},

number = {1},

pages = {6--32},

abstract = {2001: A Space Odyssey (Kubrick, 1968) speculates on humanities technological ascension through the exploration of space and the ultimate transcendence of humanity galvanised by the invention of AI. Every detail of this portrayal was an exercise in World Building, with careful considerations of then state-of-the-art technology and informed predictions. Kubrick's speculative vision is comparative to the practice of Design Fiction, by suspending disbelief and leveraging a technologies emergence to question the future's sociotechnical landscape and its ramifications critically. Discovery's AI system, Hal9000, is a convincing speculation of intelligence with Kubrick's vision showcasing current and long-term aims in AI research. To this end, Hal9000 uniquely portrays Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) underpinned by visualising 'narrow' AI subproblems; thereby, simultaneously highlighting then current research agendas within AI and manifesting them into the aspirational research agenda of human-computer symbiosis. As a result of Kubrick's mastery in suspending a viewer's disbelief despite portraying a particular reality for AI, and humanities fascination with artificial life, the term AI simultaneously refers to the grand vision of AGI as well as relating to the contemporary reality of narrow AI. This confusion, along with establishing AI's ontology, are current challenges that need addressing to create effective and acceptable realisations of AI. This paper responds to the ontological confusion by reviewing and comparing Kubrick's speculative methodology to the practice of Design Fiction by unpacking Hal9000 as a diegetic prototype while defining the active threads of 'AI's Definitional Dualism'. The paper will also present a Design Fiction submerged in the reality of narrow AI and the adoption of a More-Than Human Centred Design approach to address the complexity of AI's ontology in alternative ways. Finally, this paper will also define the importance of researching the semantics of AI technology and how film and Design Fiction offer a discursive space for design research to transpire.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{art-burton_clinical_2021,

title = {Clinical translation of computational brain models: understanding the salience of trust in clinician-researcher relationships},

author = {Saheli Datta Burton and Tara Mahfoud and Christine Aicardi and Nikolas Rose},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03080188.2020.1840223},

doi = {10.1080/03080188.2020.1840223},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-03-07},

volume = {46},

number = {1-2},

pages = {138--157},

publisher = {Informa UK Limited},

abstract = {Computational brain models use machine learning, algorithms and statistical models to harness big data for delivering disease-specific diagnosis or prognosis for individuals. While intended to support clinical decision-making, their translation into clinical practice remains challenging despite efforts to improve implementation through training clinicians and clinical staff in their use and benefits. Drawing on the specific case of neurology, we argue that existing implementation efforts are insufficient for the responsible translation of computational models. Our research based on a collective seven-year engagement with the Human Brain Project, participant observation at workshops and conferences, and expert interviews, suggests that relationships of trust between clinicians and researchers (modellers, data scientists) are essential to the meaningful translation of computational models. In particular, efforts to increase model transparency, strengthen upstream collaboration, and integrate clinicians' perspectives and tacit knowledge have the potential to reinforce trust building and increase translation of technologies that are beneficial to patients.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{art-lakoju_chatty_2021,

title = {"Chatty Devices" and edge-based activity classification},

author = {Mike Lakoju and Amir Javed and Omer Rana and Peter Burnap and Samuelson T. Atiba and Soumaya Cherkaoui},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs43926-021-00004-9},

doi = {10.1007/s43926-021-00004-9},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-02-24},

volume = {1},

number = {5},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {With increasing automation of manufacturing processes (focusing on technologies such as robotics and human-robot interaction), there is a realisation that the manufacturing process and the artefacts/products it produces can be better connected post-production. Built on this requirement, a "chatty" factory involves creating products which are able to send data back to the manufacturing/production environment as they are used, whilst still ensuring user privacy. The intended use of a product during design phase may different significantly from actual usage. Understanding how this data can be used to support continuous product refinement, and how the manufacturing process can be dynamically adapted based on the availability of this data provides a number of opportunities. We describe how data collected on product use can be used to: (i) classify product use; (ii) associate a label with product use using unsupervised learning\textemdashmaking use of edge-based analytics; (iii) transmission of this data to a cloud environment where labels can be compared across different products of the same type. Federated learning strategies are used on edge devices to ensure that any data captured from a product can be analysed locally (ensuring data privacy).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{art-radanliev_design_2020,

title = {Design of a dynamic and self-adapting system, supported with artificial intelligence, machine learning and real-time intelligence for predictive cyber risk analytics in extreme environments \textendash cyber risk in the colonisation of Mars},

author = {Petar Radanliev and David Charles De Roure and Kevin R. Page and Max Goodwin Van Kleek and Omar Santos and La'Treall Maddox and Peter Burnap and Eirini Anthi and Carsten Maple},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs42797-021-00025-1},

doi = {10.1007/s42797-021-00025-1},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-02-10},

volume = {2},

number = {3},

pages = {219--230},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {Multiple governmental agencies and private organisations have made commitments for the colonisation of Mars. Such colonisation requires complex systems and infrastructure that could be very costly to repair or replace in cases of cyber-attacks. This paper surveys deep learning algorithms, IoT cyber security and risk models, and established mathematical formulas to identify the best approach for developing a dynamic and self-adapting system for predictive cyber risk analytics supported with Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning and real-time intelligence in edge computing. The paper presents a new mathematical approach for integrating concepts for cognition engine design, edge computing and Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning to automate anomaly detection. This engine instigates a step change by applying Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning embedded at the edge of IoT networks, to deliver safe and functional real-time intelligence for predictive cyber risk analytics. This will enhance capacities for risk analytics and assists in the creation of a comprehensive and systematic understanding of the opportunities and threats that arise when edge computing nodes are deployed, and when Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning technologies are migrated to the periphery of the internet and into local IoT networks.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{art-mikusz_longitudinal_2021,

title = {A Longitudinal Study of Pervasive Display Personalisation},

author = {Mateusz Mikusz and Peter Shaw and Nigel Davies and Petteri Nurmi and Sarah Clinch and Ludwig Trotter and Ivan Elhart and Marc Langheinrich and Adrian Friday},

doi = {10.1145/3418352},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-02-01},

volume = {28},

number = {1},

pages = {1--45},

publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)},

abstract = {Widespread sensing devices enable a world in which physical spaces become personalised in the presence of mobile users. An important example of such personalisation is the use of pervasive displays to show content that matches the requirements of proximate viewers. Despite prior work on prototype systems that use mobile devices to personalise displays, no significant attempts to trial such systems have been carried out. In this article, we report on our experiences of designing, developing and operating the world's first comprehensive display personalisation service for mobile users. Through a set of rigorous quantitative measures and 11 potential user/stakeholder interviews, we demonstrate the success of the platform in realising display personalisation, and offer a series of reflections to inform the design of future systems.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{art-burton_rethinking_2021,

title = {Rethinking value construction in biomedicine and healthcare},

author = {Saheli Datta Burton and Katharina Kieslich and Katharina Theresa Paul and Gabrielle Samuel and Barbara Prainsack},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41292-020-00220-6},

doi = {10.1057/s41292-020-00220-6},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-29},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

abstract = {Despite longstanding attempts to conceptualise and measure value in biomedicine and healthcare, there is no single agreed definition of what value is. Instead, and as such, value is often taken as given or constructed in economic terms. In this paper, we argue that taking the meaning of value as given, or reverting to technocratic or economic dimensions of value, obscures the non-technical and societal dimensions of value construction and operationalisation in healthcare and biomedical practices. Through a comparative study of five cases of biomedicine and healthcare, we aim to bring out the socioeconomic and political processes that make a thing valuable for society and its implications. Our contention is that a clearer understanding of what makes something valuable (or not) is the first step towards what socially reflexive and responsible valuing of biomedicine and healthcare ought to be.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{art-smart_intellectual_2021,

title = {Intellectual Virtues and Internet-Extended Knowledge},

author = {Paul R. Smart and Robert W. Clowes},

doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.4451862},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-08},

volume = {10},

pages = {7--21},

publisher = {Zenodo},

abstract = {Arguments for the extended mind suggest the possibility of extended knowers, individuals whose epistemic standing is tied to the operation of cognitive circuits that extend beyond the bounds of skin and skull. When applied to the Internet, this idea yields the possibility of Internet-extended knowledge, a form of extended knowledge that derives from our interactions and engagements with the online environment. This, however, yields a tension: proponents of the extended mind have suggested that cognitive extension requires the automatic endorsement of bio-external content, but such a commitment appears to conflict with the need to carefully evaluate the veracity of online information. Lukas Schwengerer ("Online Intellectual Virtues and the Extended Mind") proposes a solution to this problem. He suggests that proponents of the extended mind ought to accept an alternative conception of the extended mind, one that allows for the evaluation of online content via the exercise of intellectual virtue. We highlight a number of problems with this proposal and suggest that further research (both theoretical and empirical) is required before a virtue-theoretic approach to Internet-extended knowledge can be adopted. On a more positive note, we suggest that the exercise of intellectual virtue may play an important role in the developmental emergence of Internet-extended knowers.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{art-bhatia_control_2021,

title = {Control Communication Co-Design for Wide Area Cyber-Physical Systems},

author = {Laksh Bhatia and Ivana Tomi\'{c} and Anqi Fu and Michael J. Breza and Julie A. McCann},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3418528},

doi = {10.1145/3418528},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-04},

volume = {5},

number = {18},

pages = {1--27},

publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)},

abstract = {Wide Area Cyber-Physical Systems (WA-CPSs) are a class of control systems that integrate low-powered sensors, heterogeneous actuators, and computer controllers into large infrastructure that span multi-kilometre distances. Current wireless communication technologies are incapable of meeting the communication requirements of range and bounded delays needed for the control of WA-CPSs. To solve this problem, we use a Control Communication Co-design approach for WA-CPSs, that we refer to as the C3 approach, to design a novel Low-Power Wide Area (LPWA) MAC protocol called Ctrl-MAC and its associated event-triggered controller that can guarantee the closed-loop stability of a WA-CPS. This is the first article to show that LPWA wireless communication technologies can support the control of WA-CPSs. LPWA technologies are designed to support one-way communication for monitoring and are not appropriate for control. We present this work using an example of a water distribution network application, which we evaluate both through a co-simulator (modeling both physical and cyber subsystems) and testbed deployments. Our evaluation demonstrates full control stability, with up to 50% better packet delivery ratios and 80% less average end-to-end delays when compared to a state-of-the-art LPWA technology. We also evaluate our scheme against an idealised, wired, centralised, control architecture, and show that the controller maintains stability and the overshoots remain within bounds.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{art-tuptuk_systematic_2021,

title = {A Systematic Review of the State of Cyber-Security in Water Systems},

author = {Nilufer Tuptuk and Peter Hazell and Jeremy Daniel McKendrick Watson and Stephen Hailes},

url = {https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fw13010081},

doi = {10.3390/w13010081},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

volume = {13},

number = {1},

pages = {81},

publisher = {MDPI AG},

abstract = {Critical infrastructure systems are evolving from isolated bespoke systems to those that use general-purpose computing hosts, IoT sensors, edge computing, wireless networks and artificial intelligence. Although this move improves sensing and control capacity and gives better integration with business requirements, it also increases the scope for attack from malicious entities that intend to conduct industrial espionage and sabotage against these systems. In this paper, we review the state of the cyber-security research that is focused on improving the security of the water supply and wastewater collection and treatment systems that form part of the critical national infrastructure. We cover the publication statistics of the research in this area, the aspects of security being addressed, and future work required to achieve better cyber-security for water systems.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{art-hathal_certificateless_2020,

title = {Certificateless and Lightweight Authentication Scheme for Vehicular Communication Networks},

author = {Waleed Hathal and Haitham Cruickshank and Zhili Sun and Carsten Maple},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1109%2Ftvt.2020.3042431},

doi = {10.1109/tvt.2020.3042431},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-12-03},

volume = {69},

number = {12},

pages = {16110--16125},

publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)},

abstract = {Reducing the number of road accidents is a key agenda item for governments across the world. This has led to an increase in the amount of attention given to Vehicular Communication Systems (VCS), which are seen as an important technology that can offer significant improvements in road safety. Using VCS, vehicles can form a dynamic self-configuring network that enables a vehicle to communicate with other vehicles (V2V) and roadside infrastructure (V2I). However, such wireless communication channels are vulnerable to attacks, and therefore an authentication scheme for communications should be designed before the deployment. Prior work has focused on utilising digital signature approaches to achieve the security requirements, but due to the special characteristics of VCS, such approaches are not well suited for safety related applications of VCS, since they incur high communication and computation overheads. To combat this issue, we propose a certificateless and lightweight authentication scheme to provide means of secure communications for VCS. In this work we introduce authentication tokens, which replace digital certificates to reduce the burden of certificate management on a Trusted Authority (TA). In addition, the utilisation of tokens ensures that mutual authentication is achieved for V2I communication. Moreover, we employ TESLA as the underlying broadcast authentication protocol to achieve the required security goals for safety message broadcasting. According to the security analysis and extensive simulation of our scheme, the results show that it can withstands various types of attacks. Also it has better performance in term of verification delay, scalability and communication overhead compared to lightweight authentication schemes that are based on similar techniques. Therefore, the scheme is well suited for VCS},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{art-ani_design_2020,

title = {Design Considerations for Building Credible Security Testbeds: Perspectives from Industrial Control System Use Cases},

author = {Uchenna P. Daniel Ani and Jeremy Daniel McKendrick Watson and Benjamin Green and Barnaby Craggs and Jason R. C. Nurse},

doi = {10.1080/23742917.2020.1843822},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-11-23},

volume = {5},

number = {2},

pages = {71--119},

publisher = {Informa UK Limited},

abstract = {This paper presents a mapping framework for design factors and an implementation process for building credible Industrial Control Systems (ICS) security testbeds. The security and resilience of ICSs has become a critical concern to operators and governments following widely publicised cyber security events. The inability to apply conventional Information Technology security practice to ICSs further compounds challenges in adequately securing critical systems. To overcome these challenges, and do so without impacting live environments, testbeds are widely used for the exploration, development, and evaluation of security controls. However, how a testbed is designed and its attributes, can directly impact not only its viability but also its credibility. Combining systematic and thematic analysis, and the mapping of identified ICS security testbed design attributes, we propose a novel relationship map of credibility-supporting design factors (and their associated attributes) and a process implementation flow structure for ICS security testbeds. The framework and implementation process highlight the significance of demonstrating some design factors such as user/experimenter expertise, clearly defined testbed design objectives, simulation implementation approach, covered architectural components, core structural and functional characteristics covered, and evaluations to enhance confidence, trustworthiness and acceptance of ICS security testbeds as credible. These can streamline testbed requirement definition, improve design consistency and quality while reducing implementation costs.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}